The Parisian club has now secured the prestigious trophy on 14 separate times.
The Parisian giants required a stoppage-time equaliser followed by a perfect penalty shootout to overcome their arch-rivals in the Gulf and capture a fourth straight Trophee des Champions title.
The Champions League holders appeared to be sailing towards a straightforward triumph in the showdown featuring the French league winners and the French Cup winners after Ousmane Dembele opened the scoring in the opening stages.
However, the southern French side struck twice in the closing moments to seize a surprise lead. Initially, Mason Greenwood converted from the penalty spot, before Willian Pacho unfortunately directed the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a breathtaking turn of events, the Portuguese striker grabbed a crucial leveler in the final seconds to send the match into a penalty shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Chevalier then emerged as the hero, stopping decisive attempts from O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, the midfielder, the full-back, and Desire Doue all converted with composure for PSG to seal a convincing penalty victory.
The record winners Paris Saint-Germain, who faced last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Olympique de Marseille after completing a league and cup double, have now won this competition for the 12th time in the last 13 years.